In modern organizations, there are three kinds of control that you will usually find, Concurrent control. Feedback controlControl theory dates from the 19th century, when the theoretical basis for the operation of governors was first described by James Clerk Maxwell.https://en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Control_theoryFeedforward controlWith feed-forward or feedforward control, the disturbances are measured and accounted for before they have time to affect the system. In the house example, a feed-forward system may measure the fact that the door is opened and automatically turn on the heater before the house can get too cold.https://en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Feed_forward_(control)
Three basic types of control systems are available to executives: (1) output control, (2) behavioural control, and (3) clan control. Different organizations emphasize different types of control, but most organizations use a mix of all three types.
The four types of control systems are belief systems, boundary systems, diagnostic systems, and interactive system.
Establishing Performance Standards. Measuring the Actual Performance. Comparing Actual Performance to the Standards. Taking Corrective Action.
Types of Control techniques in management are Modern and Traditional control techniques. Feedforward, feedback and concurrent controls are also types of management control techniques. Controlling helps the managers in eliminating the gap between organizations actual performance and goals.
The control function can be viewed as a five-step process: (1) establish standards, (2) measure performance, (3) compare actual performance with standards and identify any deviations, (4) determine the reason for deviations, and (5) take corrective action if needed.
The constitution of a closed-loop control system is discussed in chapter 1; the basic system is defined in terms of three elements, the error detector, the controller and the output element.
The six principles of control activities are: 1) Establishment of responsibility, 2) Segregation of duties, 3) Documentation procedures, 4) Physical controls, 5) Independent internal verification, 6) Human resource controls.
Here are controls: Strong tone at the top; Leadership communicates importance of quality; Accounts reconciled monthly; Leaders review financial results; Log-in credentials; Limits on check signing; Physical access to cash, Inventory; Invoices marked paid to avoid double payment; and, Payroll reviewed by leaders.
The basic control process, wherever it is found and whatever it is found and whatever it controls, involves three steps: (1) establishing standards. (2) measuring performance against these standards. and (3) correcting deviations from standards and plans. 1.
There are two basic categories of internal controls – preventive and detective.
Two Levels of Control: Strategic and Operational.
The seven internal control procedures are separation of duties, access controls, physical audits, standardized documentation, trial balances, periodic reconciliations, and approval authority.
Typically, control systems are computerized. Control systems are a central part of industry and of automation. The types of control loops that regulate these processes include industrial control systems (ICS) such as supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) and distributed control systems (DCS).
The four basic elements in a control system are: the characteristic or condition to be controlled. the sensor. the comparator.
Controlling as a Process
Establishing standards to measure performance. Measuring actual performance. Comparing performance with the standard. Taking corrective action.
The six ITGC audit controls include physical and environmental security, logical security, change management, backup and recovery, incident management and information security.
Internal controls fall into three broad categories: detective, preventative, and corrective.