Serotonin-
While there's no known specific cause for ADHD, varying dopamine levels, norepinephrine, and serotonin in the brain can contribute to the severity of its symptoms.
A chronic deficit of serotonin (5-HT) at the synapse may trigger symptoms of ADHD.
The onset of attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder (ADHD) in childhood is characterized by developmentally inappropriate levels of hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention. A chronic deficit of serotonin (5-HT) at the synapse may trigger symptoms of ADHD.
ADHD Brains Crave Dopamine, Exercise Releases It
With regular physical activity, ADHD adults can raise the baseline levels of dopamine and norepinephrine by spurring the growth of new receptors in certain brain areas, further regulating attention and reducing the temptation to boost dopamine through food.
ADHD brains have low levels of a neurotransmitter called norepinephrine. Norepinephrine is linked arm-in-arm with dopamine. Dopamine is the thing that helps control the brain's reward and pleasure center. The ADHD brain has impaired activity in four functional regions of the brain.
If your child has ADHD, they may be low in dopamine but high in something called dopamine transporters. That's because their low dopamine may actually result from having too many of the transporters that take dopamine out of their brain cells.
Indeed, ADHD brains struggle to sustain motivation when rewards are mild or are linked to long-term gratification. As a result, ADHD brains search for stimulation that can increase dopamine more quickly and intensely. Ultimately, the pursuit of pleasurable rewards may become a potent form of self-medication.
Brain function and structure
Other studies have suggested that people with ADHD may have an imbalance in the level of neurotransmitters in the brain, or that these chemicals may not work properly.
ADHD was the first disorder found to be the result of a deficiency of a specific neurotransmitter — in this case, norepinephrine — and the first disorder found to respond to medications to correct this underlying deficiency. Like all neurotransmitters, norepinephrine is synthesized within the brain.
Executive functions have other roles which affect how someone thinks. In people with ADHD, these executive dysfunctions impact thinking in numerous ways. People with ADHD don't really think faster than people without it, but it can sometimes seem like they do. People with ADHD do think differently though, in a sense.
Adderall works by increasing levels of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, thus bringing the brain from a state of overstimulation to a normal state of stimulation.
Stimulant medications that treat ADHD can prevent the reuptake of dopamine, increasing brain levels of the chemical. Lifestyle changes can also help, especially in conjunction with standard ADHD treatments. Exercise, a healthy diet, and therapy all offer potential benefits.
Hormonal Effects on ADHD
Estrogen promotes the release of the feel-good neurotransmitters, serotonin, and dopamine, in the brain. Not surprisingly, studies suggest that the first two weeks of the cycle go more smoothly for women with ADHD than the second two weeks when progesterone levels rise.
Some adults with ADHD also have depression and anxiety. Antidepressants might be an option if that's your situation, since they can treat these conditions as well as ADHD.
Medication Treatments for ADHD - Mood Stabilizers (for ADHD with Mood and Behavior Problems) Lithium, Carbamazepine (Tegretol), and Valproic Acid (Depakote) have been used when mood disorders co-exist with ADHD. One frequently sees bipolar patients with supposed comorbid ADHD or diagnosed solely with ADHD.
Similar to the hyperactive symptoms, impulsive symptoms are typically seen by the time a child is four years old and increase during the next three to four years to peak in severity when the child is seven to eight years of age.
Rather, the rise seems to be due to an increase in access to healthcare; a decrease in stigmatization about receiving mental health care; and greater awareness of the symptoms of ADHD among clinicians, guardians, educators, and patients. In the past, ADHD was only diagnosed in children who were hyperactive.
Executive attention is your ability to filter out distracting or extraneous material from your awareness. ADHD brains don't love this to begin with- it takes a lot of its energy- lack of sleep depletes the resource so significantly it can feel like the filter never even existed.
People who have normal dopamine levels may still crave dopamine boosts, but people with ADHD have dopamine voids to fill so that craving is more frequent. Substances, experiences, and activities that cause dopamine boosts are often addictive, even if many of them wouldn't cause an addiction in the average person.
Memory problems such as forgetfulness and poor working memory are linked to ADHD. People with ADHD may have difficulty encoding and processing information in their working memory, which may lead to problems with long-term memory.
Eating protein-rich foods such as lean beef, eggs, nuts, and dairy products provides an adequate supply of the amino acids necessary for dopamine production, thereby boosting dopamine levels in the body. Second, people with ADHD should take balanced meals.