Fertility rates also may be influenced by infant mortality rates, women's participation in the labor market, income levels and social status, among other factors.
High fertility is associated with increased risk of maternal morbidity and mortality. In most settings, women who have several children find it more difficult to work outside the home, thus having fewer opportunities to improve their economic and social status and that of their families.
An initial set of eight variables is indicated for mortality rate standardization, based on the reliability of their relationships with mortality. These eight variables are: education, occupation, industrial mix, urban residence, marital status, ethnic mix, and cigarette and alcohol consumption.
Marriage and the Age at Which Females Have a First Child
When women marry earlier in life, they tend to have children at an earlier age, and more children over their lifetime. This increases total fertility rates.
High fertility poses health risks for children and their mothers, detracts from human capital investment, slows economic growth, and exacerbates environmental threats.
Both high fertility and peak fertility are periods in which the likelihood of conception after unprotected intercourse is highest. The most significant difference between high and peak fertility is that peak fertility occurs closer to the time of ovulation—the day before and the day of ovulating.
The social structure, religious beliefs, economic prosperity and urbanisation within each country are likely to affect birth rates as well as abortion rates, Developed countries tend to have a lower fertility rate due to lifestyle choices associated with economic affluence where mortality rates are low, birth control ...
Often, adolescent childbearing is a result of child marriage. One study of 34 sub-Saharan African countries found that 54% of women ages 20–24 were married as children. Child marriage is disproportionately experienced by girls who live in disadvantaged households, lack formal education, and reside in rural areas.
Collectively, the countries of Sub-Saharan Africa have the highest average fertility rate in the world at 4.6. Niger tops the list at 6.8 children per woman, followed by Somalia at 6.0, the Democratic Republic of Congo (5.8), Mali (5.8), and Chad (5.6).
A common question that individuals ask fertility specialists is, “If my mother was able to have a child later in her life, will I be able to as well?” The answer is no, not necessarily. Being a member of a fertile family does not automatically guarantee that you will have success with fertility yourself.
In general, poor countries tend to have higher levels of fertility than rich countries. In particular, women tend to give birth to no fewer than three children in countries where GDP per capita is below $1,000 per year.
Luteinizing hormone (LH) is a chemical in your body that triggers important processes in your reproductive system. LH spurs ovulation and helps with the hormone production needed to support pregnancy. Your provider may order a test to check your LH levels if you have fertility issues or irregular menstruation.
Women can reproduce for about half of their lifetime and can only give birth about once every year or so. So it makes sense that women can only have a fraction as many children as men. One study estimated a woman can have around 15 pregnancies in a lifetime.
Studies show alcohol can affect hormones and ovulation, making it harder to time sex for conception, and that even light drinking can increase the time it takes to get pregnant.
Smoking can reduce fertility,1 making it difficult to conceive. Smoking may negatively affect hormone production. Smoking and exposure to tobacco smoke can harm the reproductive system. Smoking can damage the DNA in sperm.
According to demographers — people who study the growth, density, and other characteristics of the population — there are three major factors that affect population growth. These factors are fertility rate, life expectancy, and net immigration levels.
High fertility strains budgets of poor families, reducing available resources to feed, educate, and provide health care to children.
What Causes Infertility? Problems with ovulation are the most common reasons for infertility in women. A woman's age, hormonal imbalances, weight, exposure to chemicals or radiation and cigarette smoking all have an impact on fertility.