Periodontal disease (PD) and obesity are characterized by a dysregulated inflammatory state. Both conditions trigger inflammatory and immune responses with an increase in proinflammatory cytokines such as Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and the release of inflammatory mediators such as C-reactive protein (CRP).
C-reactive protein (CRP) elevation is a part of the acute phase response to acute and chronic inflammation. Many epidemiological studies have shown that serum CRP levels were elevated in patients with chronic periodontitis. CRP levels increase to hundreds of μg/ml within hours following infection.
In conclusion, periodontitis is associated inflammation as assessed by raised CRP levels and this is greater in those patients with more aggressive gingival inflammation.
Cystatins. Cystatins are act as biomarkers for periodontal disease diagnosis. Many isoforms of Cystatins are secreted into saliva and GCF in periodontitis. Cystatin C in saliva act as a biomarker for diagnosing periodontitis as it levels are increased in saliva in periodontitis.
Routine blood tests given during physician visits can reveal periodontal disease indicators, say researchers in the December issue of the Journal of Periodontology.
Besides C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and procalcitonin (PCT), some other markers of inflammation include serum amyloid A, cytokines, alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, plasma viscosity, ceruloplasmin, hepcidin, and haptoglobin.
Based on well-designed epidemiological studies, it has been shown that people with periodontal diseases present a higher risk for systemic inflammation (12, 56). Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory condition that shares common mechanistic pathways with other systemic inflammatory diseases.
Studies have shown an association between periodontitis and other inflammatory conditions including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and systemic lupus.
Periodontal disease (PD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by the destruction of the periodontium, or the supporting tissues of the teeth (gingival tissue, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone).
There is a significant overlap between factors seen to increase risk of periodontal disease and heart disease. People who smoke are not only at increased risk of gum disease, they have a higher risk for heart disease and stroke, as well as lung and other cancers.
Periodontal diseases can predispose individuals to several systemic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, oral and colorectal cancer, gastrointestinal diseases, respiratory tract infection and pneumonia, adverse pregnancy outcomes, diabetes and insulin resistance, and Alzheimer's disease.
Table 1 shows some well described genetic disorders that have a major impact on the periodontal tissue, including some disorders affecting gingival tissue (hereditary gingival fibromatosis), connective tissues (vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, periodontal Ehlers-Danlos syndrome), some diseases associated with ...
One of the main components of poor oral hygiene is gum disease, which, though preventable, is often left untreated. Due to that fact that gums in poor health are painful and inflamed, the body's CRP levels are raised, and a slew of health issues can be triggered as a result.
Interpretation of CRP levels:
More than 10.0 mg/dL: Marked elevation (Acute bacterial infections, viral infections, systemic vasculitis, major trauma). More than 50.0 mg/dL: Severe elevation (Acute bacterial infections).
C-reactive protein is measured in milligrams per liter (mg/L). Results equal to or greater than 8 mg/L or 10 mg/L are considered high. Range values vary depending on the lab doing the test. A high test result is a sign of inflammation.
For example, periodontitis is linked with respiratory disease, rheumatoid arthritis, coronary artery disease, preterm birth and low birth weight, and problems controlling blood sugar in diabetes.
Because the condition attacks the salivary glands and leads to a dry mouth, Sjögren's syndrome causes an increased risk for cavities, gum disease and ulcers.
Crohn's Disease
It has a variety of symptoms and effects, but it can also impact your dental health. Crohn's Disease can cause swelling in your mouth, particularly in your gums. It is uncomfortable and can lead to shifting teeth. Plus, you become prone to mouth ulcers which are excessively uncomfortable.
Based on visual observation, the ancients characterised inflammation by five cardinal signs, namely redness (rubor), swelling (tumour), heat (calor; only applicable to the body' extremities), pain (dolor) and loss of function (functio laesa).
Periodontitis is considered an autoimmune disease because your body's immune system is attacking your own tissues due to the ongoing chronic inflammation.
This type of stimulation–response activity generates some of the most dramatic aspects of inflammation, with large amounts of cytokine production, the activation of many cell types, and in fact the four cardinal signs of inflammation: heat, pain, redness, and swelling (1).
What do inflammatory markers measure? CRP, PV and ESR each measure inflammation in the blood in slightly different ways. The body produces proteins as part of the normal response to infection or inflammation.