Alcohol, cocaine, amphetamines, opiates, and benzodi- azepines are the most commonly abused drugs that may induce events leading to acute respiratory failure.
These include: Antibiotics, such as nitrofurantoin and sulfa drugs. Heart medicines, such as amiodarone. Chemotherapy drugs such as bleomycin, cyclophosphamide, and methotrexate.
medications that affect the central nervous system (CNS), such as benzodiazepines (e.g. diazepam, oxazepam), antipsychotics (e.g. quetiapine), anticonvulsants (e.g. gabapentin, pregabalin), opioids (e.g. oxycodone, codeine), or combinations of medicines that affect the CNS.
Drugs used to treat the respiratory tract include the bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory drugs, drugs that modify respiratory secretions (e.g., mucolytics, mucokinetics, and expectorants), antitussive drugs, and decongestants.
Interstitial pneumonitis (ie, inflammation of the lung interstitium, such as the alveolar septa) is the most common manifestation of drug-induced lung disease.
Common causes include: overdose of an opiate or opioid, such as morphine, tramadol, heroin, or fentanyl. the use of opioids or anesthetics before, during, or after surgery.
Volatile drugs, such as gaseous anesthetics, alcohol, or drugs with high volatility, are excreted via the lungs into expired air.
Respiratory stimulants include drugs like doxapram, caffeine, theophylline, and aminophylline.
Opioids are central nervous system depressant drugs that reduce the activity of the neurons in the brain and spinal cord. This central nervous system depressant action also affects the functioning of the respiratory system by slowing down a person's breathing rate.
In summary, respiratory rate was depressed by fentanyl through activation of opioid receptors, an effect reversed by naloxone. Morphine is a widely-used opioid drug that induces less severe respiratory depression than the highly potent opioids such as fentanyl (Gutstein, 2001).
Risk factors for chronic respiratory diseases include tobacco smoking (including second-hand smoke), air pollution, allergens and occupational risks. Outdoor air pollution and indoor air pollution (often caused by cooking with solid fuels) are also common causes.
It is concluded that diazepam, used under clinical conditions, causes respiratory depression secondary to a depressant effect on the respiratory centres.
Common causes of feeling short of breath are: lung problems, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) heart problems, such as a cardiovascular disease and heart failure. infections in the airways, such as croup, bronchitis, pneumonia, COVID-19, the flu and even a cold.
Normally, an increased concentration of carbon dioxide is the strongest stimulus to breathe more deeply and more frequently. Conversely, when the carbon dioxide concentration in the blood is low, the brain decreases the frequency and depth of breaths.
Bronchodilators act to decrease the muscle tone in small and large airways in the lungs, thereby increasing ventilation. These drugs include beta adrenergic agonists, methylxanthines, and anticholinergic agonists.
Pulmonary toxicity problems can impact your ability to complete daily activities. You may have trouble breathing, be short of breath, tire easily, have a chronic cough, or have discomfort with breathing when lying on your back.
Although many sites of metabolism and excretion exist, the chief organ of metabolism is the liver, while the organ primarily tasked with excretion is the kidney. Any significant dysfunction in either organ can result in the accumulation of the drug or its metabolites in toxic concentrations.
During sleep, breathing patterns may alter, becoming more irregular and shallow due to decreased brain activity. The sleep and wake cycle intensifies the transition from non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep to rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.
It is essential that opioid-induced respiratory depression is confirmed by observation of both a decrease in respiratory rate and impaired gas transfer with low oxygen saturation on pulse oximetry (or a low pO2 and increased pCO2 from arterial blood gases).
Since opioid receptors are abundant in brainstem respiratory centers [10], various opioid-related effects are observed: depression of the ventilatory responses to hypercapnia and hypoxia, depression of ventilation (related to reductions in respiratory rate and volume) and the wakefulness drive to breathe, irregular ...
Bradypnea is an abnormally slow breathing rate. It's a symptom of an underlying health condition, which may include hypothyroidism, head injuries or opioid or heavy alcohol use. Associated symptoms may include dizziness, confusion and feeling tired.
Diazepam may increase the risk of serious or life-threatening breathing problems, sedation, or coma if used along with certain medications.