He would have lost. He would have played right into Palpatine's planned narrative of a Jedi assassination attempt. Nothing significant would have changed. He also would have fallen to the dark side.
If Anakin had killed Palpatine in Revenge of the Sith, it would have changed the entire Star Wars universe. The Empire would never have been formed and Darth Vader's reign of terror may never have happened.
We go for the more simple answer, further considering the details of the question itself. If Anakin didn't go into that chamber as the Jedi confronted Palpatine, then Mace Windu would have defeated Palpatine, killing him. If you remember, Mace had him. He was ready to kill him.
Even in Revenge Of The Sith Anakin planned to surpass Palpatine by telling Padme that they could overthrow the Chancellor and rule the galaxy together. The same offer he later extends to their son, Luke Skywalker.
Star Wars creator George Lucas has stated that the reason Palpatine couldn't anticipate Vader's betrayal in Return of the Jedi was that he can't truly understand the concept of love.
Despite Vader's seeming loyalty to the Emperor, Palpatine wanted to replace his servant with a new apprentice, while Vader plotted to overthrow the Emperor so he could rule the galaxy with his son. In the end, Luke surrendered himself to Vader on the forest moon of Endor.
Darth Plagueis is mentioned in Rae Carson's novelization of the 2019 film The Rise of Skywalker. In the book, it is revealed that Palpatine had discovered Plagueis' "secret to immortality", using this knowledge to resurrect himself after his death in Return of the Jedi.
Palpatine began abusing Anakin right from the word “go”, and from the moment he clapped eyes on the kid in The Phantom Menace. What he did at first was known as “grooming”. Now, some people don't fully understand what grooming entails, and the process of how Palpatine groomed Anakin.
Anakin Skywalker, in one last digged-effort, before his imprisonment as Darth Vader for the next 23 years, cries out for help. He yearns for his beloved Padme, with the words, “Padme, help me.”
This is confirmed later in the movie when Obi-Wan informs Padme that Anakin killed them. Both are torn apart with hurt and confusion, trying to make sense of something so terrible.
Force healing in current canon is a selfless act (because you have to use your own life force to heal another). This is the antithesis of all sith teachings, so a sith would never willingly do this. Also, Anakin was missing limbs. You can't force heal those back as far as we know.
The story is Anakin was manipulated to the dark side by Palpatine based on fears of losing Padme and appeals to his desire power and agency, over his life and the galaxy as a whole.
With Chancellor Palpatine's death, the de facto "Prime Minister" of the Republic, the Senate would be left without a leader and there would be considerable political confusion and chaos. There would be a need to elect a new chancellor to lead the democratic government.
Thus, while Qui-Gon was less powerful than Yoda, Palpatine feared him more.
Anakin ultimately fulfilled his role as the Chosen One and brought balance to the Force, fulfilling Qui-Gon Jinn's belief in the prophecy that foretold Anakin's destiny.
So overall, it seems highly likely that the answer is no, Palpatine didn't have the power to save Padmé's life. He hadn't even begun learning the power when Anakin became Darth Vader, and the idea of saving lives was of no interest to him.
Anakin does not have even the slightest bit of remorse. By the end, he feels nothing but anger. Although he feels regret for killing Padme, he still helps the evil Emperor. The film ends with Anakins standing side by side with the man on whose behalf he has committed all his crimes.
So while it was never been outright said, it wouldn't be surprising if Yoda knew about Anakin and Padme's romance. Even with the birth of Anakin's children in Revenge of the Sith, Yoda didn't seem all that surprised.
Star Wars Just Confirmed Darth Vader's Undying Love for Padme Amidala. Star Wars: Darth Vader #23 revealed just how much Anakin Skywalker loved Padme Amidala even after his transformation into the Sith Lord.
The canonical comic Star Wars: Darth Vader #7 confirms the younglings' deaths caused Anakin grief, self-loathing, hatred and pain, fueling his descent even further into the dark side.
Jedi Masters Mace Windu, Kit Fisto, Saesee Tiin, and Agen Kolar confronted Chancellor Palpatine upon learning of his secret identity as a Sith Lord.
Later, Anakin visited the chancellor in his offices and the truth came out. Palpatine admitted that he possessed the power of the dark side, and Anakin realized that the chancellor was the sinister mastermind the Jedi had been hunting since before the start of the Clone Wars.
Darth Sidious was able to cheat his upcoming death by transferring his spirit into a clone body while falling into the reactor core of the second Death Star.
After some investigating, Darth Plagueis found Anakin on Coruscant. Plagueis remained in the shadows, he reached out with the Force and saw a vision of Anakin's future. He saw of dark armor and a dark helmet, rising from an operating table. He knew then that this boy would forever change the course of the galaxy.
DARTH SION : THE IMMORTAL SITH LORD WHO MASTERED PAIN AND DEATH Star Wars Theory. DARK SIDE FRIDAY - Darth Sion is definitely one of the most powerful Sith Lords. Sion's deep pain and rage channeled the Dark Side allowing him to cheat death.