The /
/aʊ/ is a diphthong sound which means it is a combination of two vowel sounds that are pronounced within the same syllable. The aʊ sound is a combination of /æ/ and /ʊ/ or /u:/. Like vowels the diphthongs are all made through the mouth and are voiced which means that you vibrate your vocal chords to make the sound.
This vowel is a mid-front vowel. Position your tongue at mid-height in your mouth, and shift it toward the front. The muscles of your lips and mouth should be relaxed. Vibrate your vocal cords with your mouth in this position.
The /oʊ/ sound is one of the twelve American English single vowel sounds. Note for geeks: the /oʊ/ sound is a high-mid, tense, back vowel.
How to Produce /ɒ/? To produce it, drop the jaw just a little and round the lips, unlike the unrounded /ɑ/ sound. Push your lips together and make a short, voiced sound. As you can see in the picture, the mouth is slightly more open than the /æ/ sound and less rounded than when producing the /ɔ/ sound.
The sound /tʃ/ is a voiceless, alveo-palatal, affricate consonant. Press the middle of your tongue between your alveolar ridge and your soft palate. Quickly move your tongue downward while forcefully pushing air out.
The biggest difference between these two sounds is that /ɒ/ is a short vowel and /ɔ:/ is a long one. The mouth position is also slightly different, with the mouth in /ɔ:/ being slightly tighter and more rounded.
/ɒ/ is a short single sound made without the mouth moving. /əʊ/ is a diphthong -- a longer sound made of two sounds -- meaning that the mouth moves during production of the sound.
To make the /ʃ/ sound:
To make /ʃ/, place the tip of your tongue at the front of the top of your mouth, behind where the /s/ is produced. Push air between the top of your mouth and the tip of your tongue. Do not vibrate your vocal cords.
These two are pronounced with exactly the same mouth position but /dʒ/ uses the voice, whereas /tʃ/ is just a sudden puff of air similar to a sneeze.
/ʧ/ and /ʤ/ share manner and place of articulation and differ in voicing (/ʧ/ is voiceless and /ʤ/ is voiced). So, they are the same sound but for the vibration of the vocal folds. The phoneme /ʧ/ is an old friend of Spanish speakers.
The close-mid central rounded vowel, or high-mid central rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɵ⟩, a lowercase barred letter o.
/ɔɪ/ is a diphthong, which is like a combination of two different vowel sounds. To begin, place your tongue at mid-low height in your mouth, shifted toward the back, to say /o/. Round your lips into an “o” shape as you do so.
The trend, is that in all cases, the British IPA would use ɒ , while American would use ɑ . Now from my perspective, this is correct, Americans tend to elongate and turn it into more of an "aw" sound, while British English tends to keep it sharper.
Some Ways of Spelling the /ɔ:/ Sound
ore, as in: chore, ore, pore, core, more, etc. our, as in: court, four, mourn, etc. oar, as in: hoarse, coarse, soar, hoard, oar, etc. oor, as in: door, floor, moor, etc.
To make the /dʒ/ sound:
Place the tip of your tongue just behind the hard ridge at the front of the top of your mouth. Vibrate your vocal cords, and push air forward out of your mouth. Stop the air completely at first, and then release it.
To make the /ŋ/ sound:
Lift the back of your tongue (like you're making a “k” sound) and place it against the soft palate at the back of your mouth. Vibrate your vocal cords. Do not let any air leave through your mouth; it should all leave through your nose.
IPA. In the International Phonetic Alphabet the sign ː (not a colon, but two triangles facing each other in an hourglass shape; Unicode U+02D0 ) is used for both vowel and consonant length. This may be doubled for an extra-long sound, or the top half (ˑ) may be used to indicate that a sound is "half long".