Starting a New Colony Once mated, the queen never mates again. Instead of repetitive mating, she stores the male's sperm in a specialized pouch until such time as she opens the pouch and allows sperm to fertilize the eggs she produces. After mating, queen ants and male ants lose their wings.
The female "queen" ants will fly a long distance, during which they will mate with at least one winged male from another nest. He transfers sperm to the seminal receptacle of the queen and then dies. Once mated, the "queen" will attempt to find a suitable area to start a colony and, once found will detach her wings.
Even though the worker ants are female, the queen is the only ant that can lay eggs. They have highly evolved social systems with three different castes ~ queens, males, and workers. The workers are female, but cannot reproduce.
Unfortunately for the ants' colony, when the queen dies, the worker ants can only survive for a few months. The colony dies off rather quickly because the workers cannot reproduce. When there's no queen to lay eggs, the workers die off, and there are no new ones hatched to replace them.
So what are some signs that my queen has mated and is fertilized? The only sign that is a definite tell-tale sign is if her abdomen (also known as her gaster) looks big and bloated, a condition called physogastrism, and this usually happens several days or weeks after mating.
After mating, queen ants and male ants lose their wings. The queen scurries off in search of a site to start her new nest. If she survives, she digs a nest, lays eggs, and single-handedly raises her first brood that consists entirely of workers. After mating, the male generally lives a short life in isolation.
“After the nuptial flight, the males die and the queens shed their wings, burrow into the ground and start their colony,” Baer said. “The queen will use the sperm she's collected in her sperm storage organ for the rest of her life. If she runs out she will lose her fertility and the whole colony will be doomed.”
For one thing, queen ants can be incredibly long-lived – one scientist had a queen that lived for almost 30 years. In the wild, it's not uncommon to find queens that are more than a decade old. Ants from other castes may have a lifespan of a few months to a year or two.
Ants adhere to a caste system, and at the top is the queen. She's born with wings and referred to as a princess until she takes part in the nuptial flight, mates with a male ant, and flies off to start her own colony.
Ant colonies have a caste system, where responsibilities are divided in a systemic hierarchical order. As with human society, the typical ant hierarchy system comprises a queen, males, and workers with specific roles. But in contrast, there is no such thing as the king ant, as is mostly the case in human royal setups.
A female ant's fate to become a worker or queen is mainly determined by diet, not genetics. Any female ant larva can become the queen – those that do receive diets richer in protein. The other larvae receive less protein, which causes them to develop as workers.
The team found switching the expression of just a single protein, Kr-h1, in the brains of ants is enough to elevate an ant from worker to queen. Kr-h1's responds to two hormones: one found more in workers, and one found in greater abundance in queens.
If the queen isn't there to produce more eggs, the colony will eventually die off. Queens will do whatever it takes to survive even if it's not best for the colony. Though queen ants don't have any authority over others, their role is crucial to the survival of the colony.
After mating, they're able to produce thousands, sometimes millions, of eggs during their lifetime. If a colony has more than one queen, all the queens will produce eggs. These eggs will develop into males, female worker ants, and future queens.
As central as the worker ants are, the queen ant holds a quite important role too. The queen stores sperm in a pouch in her abdomen. She uses this sperm to fertilize her eggs. If an egg is fertilized, it will become a male – whereas if it is fertilized, it will become a female.
For many temperate ant species with a single queen, the answer is that once the queen dies, the colony is a goner. The worker ants will not accept one of their sisters as a new queen, workers can not become a new queen themselves, nor can they raise a new queen like honey bees do.
A recent study of ants' sleep cycle found that the average worker ant takes approximately 250 naps each day, with each one lasting just over a minute. That adds up to 4 hours and 48 minutes of sleep per day. The research also found that 80 percent of the ant workforce was awake and active at any one time.
Queens of most ant species produce a few hundred workers (daughters), plus a dozen or so reproductive queens and males. In the extreme, queens of leafcutter ants in South and Central America each give birth to as many as 150 million workers, with 2 to 3 million alive at any given time (that's a lot of ants!).
A queen ant Lasius niger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) has the longest recorded adult life of any insect: 28¾ years in captivity.
The oldest fossils of ants date to the mid-Cretaceous, around 100 million years ago, which belong to extinct stem-groups such as the Haidomyrmecinae, Sphecomyrminae and Zigrasimeciinae, with modern ant subfamilies appearing towards the end of the Cretaceous around 80–70 million years ago.
When a queen bee dies the worker bees will become agitated and more aggressive with no direction from their monarch. Because of the lack of a queen substance pheromone, worker bees will begin to lay eggs. As worker bees are unable to fertilize eggs the hive begins to produce too many male drones.
Adults which remain in the nest, including the queen, receive much or all of their food directly from returning foragers in a process called trophallaxis. During foraging, workers collect fluids which are stored in the upper part of their digestive system (the crop).
A newly-mated queen lays a cluster of about a dozen eggs. When they hatch 7 to 10 days later, the larvae are fed by the queen. Later on, a queen supplied with food by worker ants can lay up to 800 eggs per average day. Larvae develop 6 to 10 days and then pupate.
German researchers have been studying Cardiocondyla ants to figure out why they carry their queen to other ant nests. Their study suggests the ants are trying to add genetic diversity and avoid inbreeding.