Zuckerman et al. (1981) proposed the influential Four-Factor Theory of deception. It postulates that deception involves (a) generalized arousal, (b) anxiety, guilt, and other emotions accompanying deception, (c) cognitive components, and (d) liars' attempts to control verbal and non-verbal cues to appear honest.
AUTONOMIC INDICATORS
The polygraph is the best-known technique for psychophysiological detection of deception. The goal of all of these techniques is to detect deception by analyzing signals of changes in the body that cannot normally be detected by human observation.
Before answering a question with a lie, a deceptive person will usually try to avoid answering the question at all. One common method of dodging questions is to respond with a question of one's own. Investigators should be alert to responses such as: "Why would I steal from my own brother?"
Interviewers can enhance their ability to detect deception by focusing on four areas of nonverbal behaviors: comfort/discomfort, emphasis, synchrony, and perception management. Comfort and discomfort are readily denoted by many nonverbal cues.
Deception clues or leakage may be shown in a change in the expression on the face, a movement of the body, an inflection to the voice, a swallowing in the throat, a very deep or shallow breath, long pauses between words, a slip of the tongue, a micro facial expression, a gestural slip.
: the act of causing someone to accept as true or valid what is false or invalid : the act of deceiving. resorting to falsehood and deception. used deception to leak the classified information. : the fact or condition of being deceived. the deception of his audience.
The direction of their eyes: A 2012 study published in Plos One debunked the myth people look to the left when lying. A study by the University of Michigan found when participants lied, they maintained eye contact 70% of the time.
Liars don't only hide the truth; they hide their feelings, too. They lie to avoid facing the facts. Despite what people might think, good liars know how to listen. It gives them information they can use in the future.
One tee to rule them all
These 3 simple sentences are key to understanding how lying and deception gain traction. Admit nothing. Deny everything. Make counter accusations.
: having a tendency or disposition to deceive or give false impressions: : not honest. a deceitful person. : deceptive, misleading.
If a person speaks in a way that gives a false impression, we call the way he speaks "deceptive." If someone pretends to be someone else, that's an act of deceit, like when a thief pretends to be a valet parking attendant and takes off with your car.
Polygraph techniques are used for two purposes: the detection of deception, the deception test; and the detection of information, the information test. Deception tests are designed to assess credibility by taking responses to simple yes-no questions concerning the crime.
Look for flared nostrils, lip biting, rapid blinking or sweating. These changes in facial activity signify an increase in brain activity as a lie begins. Some people will get a slight flush to their face when they are lying, so look for blushed cheeks as anxiety may set in.
A narcissistic liar is a person who lies to get what they want. They are often charming and persuasive. But their primary goal is always self-promotion. They want to present themselves in a certain light and believe they can get away with it.
Tightened jaw and forehead
Liars also tend to tense up when they're not being truthful, and this can include tightening the jaw and forehead. Both are connected to the "mental effort and stress" associated with telling a lie, according to Wenner.
They Leak Cues In The Cluster of “Three”
For example, a person may touch their nose, then their neck, and then their face. Or, they may scratch their head, ear, and chin. A liar might also answer with a question infection.