If we were in the warm waters of the Pacific or Indian Oceans, we'd likely spot an excellent example of mutualism: the relationship between
One example of a mutualistic relationship is that of the oxpecker (a kind of bird) and the rhinoceros or zebra. Oxpeckers land on rhinos or zebras and eat ticks and other parasites that live on their skin. The oxpeckers get food and the beasts get pest control.
Pollination is one of the tightest mutualisms between plants and animals. In Australian rainforests wasps, bees, ants, beetles, flies, butterflies, moths, thrips, cockroaches and other insects as well as birds, bats, possums, rats and marsupial mice are all potential pollinators.
Another example of commensalism is one organism using another as a means of transportation. A lot of insects, fish, and other animals use each other in this way, but a good example is the remora. This is a type of suckerfish that will attach itself to sharks and other big fish to catch an underwater ride.
mutualism, association between organisms of two different species in which each benefits. Mutualistic arrangements are most likely to develop between organisms with widely different living requirements.
Ant-plants provide food and nesting space (domatia) for ants that protect them against herbivores. These mutualisms are often very specific and are usually considered as bipartite, or tripartite when ants use hemipterans as trophobionts. However, fungi growing inside domatia have been recorded by a few authors.
Pollination of flowers by bees is a good example of mutualism, bees take pollen and nectar, and the pollen transferred allows the plants to produce seeds. Pollinators and flowering plants have co-evolved over time, so that today many flowers have characteristics that certain pollinators prefer.
Examples of symbiotic and nonsymbiotic soil mutualisms, (a) Symbiotic mutualists include mycorrhizal fungi, Frankia, and rhizobia. (b) Some nonsymbiotic mutualists control rhizosphere nutrient availability, (c) Other nonsymbiotic mutualists form consortia that control decomposition and nutrient availability.
Mutualism is a relationship in which both organisms benefit. For example, bacteria live in the digestive system of cows. The bacteria help the cows by breaking down plants that the cows eat. In turn, the cows provide a place to live and a source of food for the bacteria.
So the correct option is 'lichens'.
Mutualism is advantageous for both partners; aphids provide ants with sugar-rich honeydew as a source of food and the ants protect the aphids against various natural enemies and improve the hygiene of the aphid colony.
These are just a few of the many mutualistic relationships in our ocean. Others include gobies and mantis shrimp; manta rays and remoras; hermit crabs and sea anemones; groupers with octopuses and moray eels; and the famous sea anemone and clownfish.
Facultative Mutualism
Facultative mutualism is not as specific as obligate mutualism and can thus exist between a variety of species. Facultative mutualism can be described in one of the three ways; resource-resource mutualism, service-resource mutualism, and service-service mutualism.
Cleaner fish and larger fish share a mutualistic relationship. This is because the cleaner fish eats harmful parasites and other small sources of food off of the large fish.
There are two main types of mutualistic relationships: obligate mutualism and facultative mutualism.
If we were in the warm waters of the Pacific or Indian Oceans, we'd likely spot an excellent example of mutualism: the relationship between clownfish and sea anemones. In a mutualistic relationship, both species benefit. Sea anemones live attached to the surface of coral reefs.
Yucca plants and yucca moths share a very intimate relationship with each other. This relationship is particularly important because the yucca plant and its moth cannot survive without each other. The yucca plant can only be pollinated by the yucca moth.
For example, termites have a mutualistic relationship with protozoa that live in the insect's gut (Figure 2a). The termite benefits from the ability of bacterial symbionts within the protozoa to digest cellulose.
D., re-described what has become a classic example of biological mutualism: the obligate relationship between acacia-ants and ant-acacia trees. The acacia trees produce specialized structures to shelter and feed the ant colony, and the ants, in turn, defend the tree against herbivores.
This kind of indirect mutualism — trees provide ants with shelter; ants feed on herbivorous insects; ant wastes nourish the tree — is widespread in most forests. Trees also can benefit from the voracious appetites of ground-dwelling predatory ants — another indirect mutualism between trees and ants.
An outstanding but poorly understood ant–seed mutualism occurs in the Amazonian rainforest, where arboreal ants collect seeds of several epiphyte species and cultivate them in nutrient-rich nests, forming abundant and conspicuous hanging gardens known as ant-gardens (AGs).
Few examples of partnership between humans and animals for mutual benefit exist. Humans have taken help from animals like dogs, cormorants, falcons for foraging. In these cases, the animals are trained or domesticated for cooperation.