To make the /ŋ/ sound: Lift the back of your tongue (like you're making a “k” sound) and place it against the soft palate at the back of your mouth. Vibrate your vocal cords. Do not let any air leave through your mouth; it should all leave through your nose.
To make the /ɑ/ sound:
Your tongue should be positioned low in your mouth, and shifted toward the back. Your mouth should be open wider than /ʌ/ or /o/. Vibrate your vocal cords and push air from your mouth. Problems with playback may be resolved by refreshing the page.
To make the /ɪ/ sound:
The /ɪ/ vowel is a high-front sound. Your tongue should be positioned high in your mouth, and shifted toward the front. Your lips should be relaxed, and only slightly open. Vibrate your vocal cords with your mouth in this position.
The /ŋ/ phoneme is, made through the nose rather than the mouth and it is Voiced, which means you use your vocal cords, but it is defined by the position of your tongue, and is made with the flow of air through the mouth completely blocked.
/ʤ/ is made of /d/ and /z/. This sound is written as 'j', 'ge'; eg. in 'age' or 'gi'; eg.
The consonant /dʒ/ is a voiced, alveo-palatal, affricate consonant. Press the middle of your tongue between your alveolar ridge and your soft palate. Quickly move your tongue downward while forcefully pushing air out. The air in your mouth should stop before it is released.
Examples of the ʧ sound
check /tʆek/ charge /tʆɑːdʒ/ challenge /ˈtʆæləndʒ/ chat /ʧæt/
The sound /tʃ/ is a voiceless, alveo-palatal, affricate consonant. Press the middle of your tongue between your alveolar ridge and your soft palate.
/ʧ/ is pronounced without your tongue moving and with more air released than with /t/. It is similar to the sound of a sneeze, and the air released should be able to move a piece of paper or be felt on your hand five centimetres in front of your mouth.
Pronunciation: The sound /ʃ/ is a voiceless, alveo-palatal, fricative consonant. Lightly press the middle of your tongue between your alveolar ridge and your soft palate. The sides of your tongue should lightly touch your back upper teeth.
/ʊ/is a high, back, lax vowel. To make it, your tongue should be lifted high in the mouth (slightly lower than /u/), and shifted toward the back. Keep your lips relaxed and slightly open. Then, vibrate your vocal cords as you push air out of your mouth.
To make the /ɑʊ/ sound:
/ɑ/. Then, as you vibrate your vocal cords, lift your tongue high in the mouth, but keep it shifted toward the back, to say /ʊ/. The transition between these two positions should be very quick.
/eə/ sound
This diphthong sounds like the word 'air'. Letters used to show this sound are: 'air' as in 'hair' /heə/, 'ear' as in 'bear' /beə/, 'are' as in 'care' /keə/, and 'aire' as in 'Claire' /kleə/. To make this sound, first say /e/, then move your tongue backwards and close your mouth a bit to say /ə/.
The trend, is that in all cases, the British IPA would use ɒ , while American would use ɑ . Now from my perspective, this is correct, Americans tend to elongate and turn it into more of an "aw" sound, while British English tends to keep it sharper.
Minimal Pair /ɑ:/ and /ɜ:/
Both sounds are long single sounds but the mouth position is different, with /ɑ:/ having a much wider open mouth position. This is why your doctor asks you to say this sound to show him or her inside your mouth. /ɜ:/ is much more like the sound people make when they are disgusted.
These two are pronounced with exactly the same mouth position but /dʒ/ uses the voice, whereas /tʃ/ is just a sudden puff of air similar to a sneeze.
The difference between /ʃ/ and /tʃ/ is that /ʃ/ is fricative and /tʃ/ is affricate. A fricative sound can last a long time as in shhhh /ʃ̩ː/ (in this case we have a flow of air). An affricate sound is short, even if it ends in a fricative. In the case of /tʃ/ we have a puff of air.
Examples of the ʃ sound
shoulder /ˈʆəʊldə/ shot /ʆɒt/ shake /ʆeɪk/
Ezh (Ʒ ʒ) /ˈɛʒ/, also called the "tailed z", is a letter the lower case form of which is used in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), representing the voiced postalveolar fricative consonant.
To make the /tʃ/ sound:
Place the tip of your tongue just behind the hard ridge at the front of the top of your mouth. Push air forward out of your mouth. Stop the air completely at first, and then release it. After release, the air should create friction between the tip of your tongue and the roof of your mouth.
Both sounds are made by pushing air between the lower teeth and the roof of the mouth, but dʒ begins with a brief "d" sound, and ʒ does not. The two sounds are similar, but the initial "d" in dʒ makes it a sharper sound.
The sound [dʒ] in Modern English is a late-comer, and was not significant in Old English. Old French [dʒ], which was more significant, derived from various (post-)Latin sources, including i~j (also *g plus front vowel). The English practice of writing <j> for [dʒ] was borrowed from French (as were words so spelled).
Old English had a fairly large set of dorsal (postalveolar, palatal, velar) and glottal consonants: [k, tʃ, ɡ, dʒ, ɣ, j, ʃ, x, ç, h]. Typically only /k, tʃ, ɣ, j, ʃ, x/ are analyzed as separate phonemes; [dʒ] is considered an allophone of /j/, [ɡ] an allophone of /ɣ/, and [h] and [ç] allophones of /x/.