The onset of attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder (ADHD) in childhood is characterized by developmentally inappropriate levels of hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention. A chronic deficit of serotonin (5-HT) at the synapse may trigger symptoms of ADHD.
The hypothesis suggests that chronic deficiency in the available 5-HT level may contribute to the clinical symptoms of ADHD (Quist and Kennedy, 2001). Oades et al. (2008) have reported that in ADHD patients there is a 25% reduction in binding capacity of serotonin transporter (SLC6A4, SERT, 5-HTT).
These transporters remove dopamine from brain cells. When there are more transporters in one area of the brain, they do this too quickly, which means that dopamine has less time to exert its effects. Reduced levels of the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine may also contribute to the development of ADHD.
The etiology of serotonin in ADHD up to now is not clearly known on brain imaging studies it was found that serotonin especially in the prefrontal area of the cortex contributes to the clinical symptoms of ADHD(6,32) Prefrontal cortex plays a role in regulating attention, cognitive function, emotional regulation and ...
Serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors have not been tested in controlled trials, but they cause inconsistent changes, often aggravate ADHD symptoms, and can cause frontal apathy and disinhibition.
Adderall works by increasing levels of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, thus bringing the brain from a state of overstimulation to a normal state of stimulation.
Adderall, being an amphetamine, has a direct impact on the brain's serotonin levels. It leads to an increase in serotonin. When the drug in small doses, as prescribed by doctors for patients with ADHD, the change in serotonin is not enough to create a drastic change in the serotonin levels.
ADHD brains have low levels of a neurotransmitter called norepinephrine. Norepinephrine is linked arm-in-arm with dopamine. Dopamine is the thing that helps control the brain's reward and pleasure center.
ADHD was the first disorder found to be the result of a deficiency of a specific neurotransmitter — in this case, norepinephrine — and the first disorder found to respond to medications to correct this underlying deficiency. Like all neurotransmitters, norepinephrine is synthesized within the brain.
Methylphenidate promotes a dose-dependent behavioral profile that is very comparable to that of amphetamine. Amphetamine increases extracellular norepinephrine and serotonin, in addition to its effects on dopamine, and these latter effects may play a role in the behavioral effects of amphetamine-like stimulants.
If your child has ADHD, they may be low in dopamine but high in something called dopamine transporters. That's because their low dopamine may actually result from having too many of the transporters that take dopamine out of their brain cells.
Indeed, ADHD brains struggle to sustain motivation when rewards are mild or are linked to long-term gratification. As a result, ADHD brains search for stimulation that can increase dopamine more quickly and intensely. Ultimately, the pursuit of pleasurable rewards may become a potent form of self-medication.
Stimulant medications that treat ADHD can prevent the reuptake of dopamine, increasing brain levels of the chemical. Lifestyle changes can also help, especially in conjunction with standard ADHD treatments. Exercise, a healthy diet, and therapy all offer potential benefits.
A 2017 study supported these general findings. Researchers have not conclusively shown why ADHD causes fatigue in some people, but one possible explanation is the condition's effects on dopamine. ADHD can affect dopamine levels, making it more difficult for the body to respond to this important neurotransmitter.
Magnesium L Threonate (or magnesium citrate in those who can only take gummies) are the preparations that has been most studied and show the highest benefit for ADHD, cognition, mood, and anxiety.
Other outcomes associated with adult ADHD include vulnerability to anxiety, mood disorders, negative habits, impaired driving safety, and even premature death from accidents.
Executive functions have other roles which affect how someone thinks. In people with ADHD, these executive dysfunctions impact thinking in numerous ways. People with ADHD don't really think faster than people without it, but it can sometimes seem like they do. People with ADHD do think differently though, in a sense.
“The research shows that those with ADHD have more dopamine transporter proteins, which work to remove dopamine from the brain,” explains Hafeez. “If there are too many dopamine transporters in someone's brain, too much dopamine is being removed too quickly.”
Causes of ADHD
Recent studies link genetic factors with ADHD. In addition to genetics, scientists are studying other possible causes and risk factors including: Brain injury. Exposure to environmental risks (e.g., lead) during pregnancy or at a young age.
Brain Inflammation
So, if people with ADHD are likely to have chronic inflammation, anything that triggers even more inflammation can make your ADHD symptoms worse to the point that you experience brain fog. Triggers include: Infections (viral and bacterial)
A busy schedule and feeling overwhelmed can trigger an episode of ADHD symptoms. But it's a circular relationship: Your ADHD itself may also cause stress because it's harder to filter out stressors around you. If you deal with anxiety (which you're more likely to do if you have ADHD), this can make stress worse, too.