The three
In order to deceive Sauron, Celebrimbor secretly forges three other rings: Narya (“The Ring of Fire”), Nenya (“The Ring of Water”), and Vilya (“The Ring of Air”). These rings are free from Sauron's influence. Celebrimbor sends these rings to the Elven leaders so they can wage war against Sauron's forces.
While 16 of the 19 rings forged were given to the Dwarves and Men (seven to the Dwarves and nine to the Men), three of the rings were forged by the Elves, without Sauron's touch. These three rings were kept by the Elves, hidden from Sauron, and were created not for war, but for healing and protection.
The three rings were Vilya, Nenya, and Narya. The rings Vilya and Narya went to Elven High King Gil-galad of Lindon, who entrusted Vilya to Elrond and Narya to Círdan, Elven lords of Rivendell and Mithlond, respectively. These rings were kept by Elrond and Círdan following the death of Gil-galad.
The Three were untouched by Sauron in their making and were made for preservation so they didn't negatively affect their bearers.
The first is that Bilbo is a hobbit, and as such, is particularly difficult to manipulate or corrupt. Hobbits have a natural resistance to the influence of the ring, because they are fully content in their simple lives and have no desires for power or war.
Because of their intense love of the earth, the Ring does not sense hobbits as a threat, which is why they were able to be overlooked and complete the quest.
Galadriel has very strong magical powers, and she is said to be the greatest of the Ñoldor after Fëanor. The majority of her powers come from her Ring of Power, Nenya, the Ring of Water.
Known as the Ring of Barahir, this impressive ring is worn by Aragorn in the film trilogy The Lord of the Rings. Sterling silver, accented in gold and set with a green crystal.
The Inverse Analysis — In Tolkien's legendarium, the Three Elven Rings of Power are eventually given to Galadriel, Gil-galad (Benjamin Walker), and Círdan the Shipwright.
For The Rings of Power, Númenórian hatred of Elves built over time out of jealously for their immortality. In The Silmarillion, Tolkien outlines the downfall of Númenor as a slow burn that began with the Ban of the Valar, which entailed the first Númenórians agreeing to never sail west toward Valinor.
I think most of the objections have been against Arondir (Ismael Cruz Córdova), who is the Black elf. He's one of the immortal elves of Tolkien's legendarium. The legendarium is, broadly speaking, the lore behind the universe explored in Tolkien's books.
The Elves' fading is said to be a consequence of the darkness Morgoth brought to the realm. The Rings of Power borrows the basic elements of Elves fading away and Valinor offering the path to salvation, but embellishes the rest.
Another aspect that the series explores is the decision to forge three rings. As Galadriel, Celebrimbor, and Elrond (Robert Aramayo) discuss after the process has already started, it is a way of preventing the concentration of power in a single being's hands.
In Tolkien's stories, Celebrimbor was an elven-smith who was manipulated into forging the Rings of Power by the Dark Lord Sauron, in fair disguise and named Annatar ("Lord of Gifts").
Unlike the other Rings, the main purpose of the Three is to "heal and preserve", as when Galadriel used Nenya to preserve her realm of Lothlórien over long periods.
Aragorn is not half Elf, although he is a descendant of Elros, who is half Elf (and the brother of Elrond, the half-Elf who raised him), which explains why Aragorn's life span is unusually long.
Elrond confronts Aragorn in The Return of the King and says that Arwen is dying, her fate tied to the Ring. Arwen isn't necessarily dying because of the Ring, but now that she is mortal, she is dying through the slow decaying of time.
Princess Arwen Evenstar gave her beautiful necklace to Aragon to pledge her eternal love to him. This special gift from an immortal elf to a mortal man symbolized Arwen's decision to forsake her immortality to be with the person she truly loves.
In The Lord of the Rings, it is said that had Galadriel chosen to use her powers for evil instead of good, she would have been even more destructive and terrifying than Sauron himself. Galadriel was the greatest and most powerful of all Elves in Middle Earth in the Third Age.
Unlike Elrond, Galadriel is all Elf, and in fact she is a grand-daughter of one of the very first Elves created.
Regardless, Glorfindel remains one of the strongest characters in The Lord of the Rings, with powers similar to that of the Maiar after being, essentially, brought back from the dead to aid in the Third Age and the War of the Rings.
As for Sam, his resistance likely has to do with his innate goodness and loyalty. His love for Frodo helped him to overcome the pull of the Ring and his inner pureness was never fully pierced by the Ring.
Gwaihir physically cannot drop the One Ring into the fires himself. The Eagles of the Valar are huge, and that's an understatement. Not only would their flight above Mount Doom cause a stir in Sauron's forces, but there is no physical way for Gwaihir to drop the One Ring precisely into the Cracks of Doom.
Gollum was a Stoor Hobbit of the River-folk who lived near the Gladden Fields. In The Lord of the Rings it is stated that he was originally known as Sméagol, corrupted by the One Ring, and later named Gollum after his habit of making "a horrible swallowing noise in his throat".